A sociological perspective on ADHD

A sociological lieu on hyperkinetic syndromein educational and specialization communication. harmonize to Ideus this is not only due to the politicisation and checkupisation of the condition, that in addition due to the current cultural respect to checkup and psychiatric subjects. She argues that more and more popular belief is polarised in the United States by the advocacy groups and the media into hyperkinetic syndrome group and minimal instinct dysfunction sceptics. She argues that it is not that sociologically conscious and scientifically sceptical attention deficit derangement cliques do not exist, notwithstanding their efforts corroborate been marginalised as counterproductive to minimal brain damage activism welfargon (Myers, 2007).The problem with those who habit sociological go just well-nigh to ADHD is that they fail to accept the biological determinism and pseudo-objectivity of the main appeal. Major kit and caboodle begin attri neverthelessed the origi n and the growth of ADHD with the cultural imperatives than it is related to deaf(p) science. Schachar established that the origins of ADHD lie in the specific governmental and economic climate of the United Kingdom as the century turns. According to him, ADHD had its basis in the values of Social Darwinism which had dominated the United States by then.According to Conrad established that cultural and political factors were signifi displacet in the appreciating and be of Social Darwinism which was a forerunner to ADHD. According to his investigation, the growth of ADHD suffer be associated with the theories of sisterren medical intercession through the 50 and 60s, the development in boldness of pharmaceutical businesses in the sixties, and the US governments initiatives to control drug treatment. He further noted that while the classification existed and developed from, both the medical label and treatment were not extensively used until the finalization of the complaisant f actors. This implies as per him, this condition worsened due to particular needs and forces in the United States society.The sociological perspective on ADHD shows the signifi corporationce of cultural, political and economic priorities in the reception of the group in several(predicate) content and cultural environments. A research by Yelich and Salamone has showed that as the procedures and knowledge in treating this pain do improved it has continued to grow rapidly as comp ard to an early(a)(prenominal) maladys. They hypothesize that this raises major issues about the position of the situation as a purpose medical group. Additionally, they too note that problems occur generally on entering the school environment and for distinct upset there is a huge disparity in problems across diverse sites. They similarly argue that, ADHD pervasiveness and severity has significant associations with inferior socio-economic class. Zametkin study, which assiduous the use of brain mapp ing techniques shows the inadequacies in the initial study but it to a fault cl start out that the outcomes did not implicitly provide a proof of in creative activity of the biological basis of ADHD (Zametkin, 1989).They alike disprove opinions for making ADHD a kind of dis powerfulness in education on the grounds since it cannot be clearly be described, that it is not considerably dissimilar from different conditions at present getting services, and there is no irrefutable proof of its inborn basis. In reaction they reiterate that while a practical medical category its stress on shortage does not inevitably veer well into professional schooling environments. The latest review by Du capital of Minnesota and Eckert in the year 1997 shows that slight than ten percent of studies accomplished on ADHD concentrated on the bea in which the preponderance of difficulties are experienced, that is the school.Biological perspectiveBiologically the cause of ADHD is the brain structures. According to a research which was performed using advanced imaging techniques shows that there exists concoction in the size of whatever(prenominal) parts of the brain in children with the ADHD overthrow as compared to those who do not inhabit the disorder. In their anterior cortex, found in the front part of the brain is less active. It controls the superpower of the brain to block some responses. The caudate nucleus and the globus pallidus, which is found at the centre part of the brain and which is known for its ability to increase the press forward or to stop the orders emanating from the front part of the brain has been found to be smaller in the children who happens to be victims of ADHD but it seems to get lynchpin to normal as the age of the child increases. These abnormalities usually impair a childs ability to discontinue some actions and hence impulsivity in the people with the disorder. In the area above the stem of the brain which is referred to as the cerebell um, it is found to be smaller in children with the disorder. This part enables the control of the muscle tone and their relaxation and also synchronizes the activity of the muscle (Ellenberger, 1970).This disorder is mostly found with the male child child but as per the statistics it is also beneathdiagonised in girls. But the on-going research has enough evidence to show that both genders are in the same position in getting the disorder. Although this disorder is common in children ADHD in adults has also been noted. Ritalin was pass oned for about 800,000 adults in the States in 1997 which is about three times the figure in 1992. As of 2005, experts expected that ADHD affects about 4.1% of adults ages 18 44 old age in a specified year.Research shows that ADHD affects 2 6% of population of the adults, taking assumptions that that 1-2/3 of cases continue into adulthood. ADHD in adults mostly occurs as an extension of the puerility condition. Adult-onset symptoms are proba ble to be because of otherwise factors. Since hyperactivity typically wanes as children get older, it can be a difficult to diagnose it in adults. It is therefrom discernible that the number or the percentage of the adults with this disorder is underestimated. The following are some signs of adults with this disorder inattentiveness and problems with the memory which includes failing to finishing things, judging time wrongly, diverting from projects when nearly completion, world vanish minded, and easily forgetting things (Conrad, The Sociology of Health and Illness, 2008).They are also hypersensitive and being supple examples of this is they are risk takers they turn in also been found to be less impulsive and their emotions are instable by interrupting others, are easily frustrated, mostly adopt recklessly, and have unpredictable moods. These adults have a problem with their self cost such that they do not entertain the occurrence of fresh challenges and mostly they seem to place so much confidence in other people that in themselvesIn treatment of adults renovates normally revisit their childhood news reports on their conducts and experiences. Amusingly, the disorder appears to be equally distributed among adult men and women. adjuvant unrestrained, personality, and learning disorders have it that amid 19 37% of adults with ADHD has dejection disorder. amid 25 50% have an anxiety disorder. In learning disorder, about 20% of adults with ADHD have dyslexia and auditory dispensation problems which must be considered in which ever plan of treatment to be employed. The adults with the disorder do not mostly attain high academic levels they earn less money, and have higher chances of being fired in their work places. It has been noted that by the age of approximately 30 most of them are self employed (Conrad, The Changing Social Reality of ADHD, 2009).Research also has it that about 32 to 53% of alcoholics are the ADHD victims. 8 32% are hemp smo kers or cocaine takers. A study in year 2003 shows that the adults and the preadolescent people who are at the risk of drug abuse are the ones with the ADHD disorders or those who had had behavioral problems in their childhood days. Both adults and children with this disorder seems to lack quietude with a disorder commonly called restless legs syndrome and sleep apnea. In the sleep apnea one is unable to breath for temporal degree when a sleep. Most people do not recognize but the victim wakes and start grasping for breath. This is usually coupled with snoring. It has been known that treatment of sleep apnea reduces the symptoms of ADHD by 50%. ADHD in adults is interact with the Atomoxetine which is not a stimulant. It reduces the symptoms as hyperactivity, inability to concentrate, and inclination in adult victims. This treatment is normally discontinued in early signs of liver problems. It is therefore advisable to be used in adults compared to the adolescents and children s ince they can trigger unsafe thoughts.Bupropion may be a chiefly penny-pinching quality pickax for some ADHD adults, as well as those who also have bipolar disorder or a history of drug abuse. tricyclic antidepressants are also effective with both depression and ADHD disorders. The tired psycho stimulants, methylphenidate (Ritalin) and Adder all are also good in the same. These patients can also be treat by nicotine replacement. This improves ADHD symptoms and seems to have special effects in the brain that similarly to those of stimulants.It is also difficult to identify presence of this disorder in children since there exists no laboratory or imaging for perfect diagnosis of ADHD as it majorly depends on the symptoms of behaviours and the process of discriminating other disorders. Many professionals believe that is under and over diagnosed in most cases. The difficulty is due to misconception of parents who ends up to pressurizing the doctors to administer methylphenidate to their children who seem to perform poorly in school and who are usually aggressive which as per the statistics shows that out of the 18% and 20% of Caucasian boys treated with Ritalin only 11% were ADHD victims.In other cases most children were young for their level of grades which shows that they may be immature intellectually and socially. It is also known that children from poor cloggrounds and those who have grown up in single parent households are likely to have behaviour and emotional problems which has increased in the level of the victims of the ADHD victims.In treatment the doctor entrust need the history of the behaviour of the child and he/ she will compare the behaviours with the standardized list which outlines the symptoms of the ADHD.Parent must provide the following information to the physician the particular problems from as early as they can remember in their child growth more so the report from school, relationship between the child and other siblings, change s that have occurred of late, information on whether the family have had a history of ADHD, the eating habits of the child, the sleeping patterns, speech and the wording development, and any other problem the mother experienced during delivery or during the pregnancy. The mother should also include any other history of allergies, store ear problems, and hearing problems. Finally it is crucial that the doctor understand how the parent6 distribute the child when interacting with the child.There are various tests that may be administered to a child in order to test any signs of ADHD. These include CPT which is a test referred to as continuous slaying test where a child is sat before a computer and he/she is asked to press some keys and not to press others as per certain images in the screen. Some other tests may be through with(p) in order to test the anxious, emotional and intellectual growth. They mostly include studying and problem solving assignments with the aim of determini ng the disabling areas. Tests of blood samples may be taken in the situations of doctors suspecting presence of lead toxics in the blood of the child.Research has shown that ADHD does not in most cases exist alone but it is accompanied by other disorders. Scientists have it that it is only 1/3 only unclouded ADHD that exist. The following disorders also exist parallel to it. Attention-Deficit Disorder without Hyperactivity. In this type of disorder, the childs initial signs are inability to persist in assignments and the ability to be distracted is very high. Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD) statistics shows that about 36% of the ADHD children also have ODD. The child is defiant, hostile towards authoritative people lasting for about six months and they have a negative pattern of life. Additionally, they are aggressive and have frequent tempers tantrums and in most cases they display antisocial manners. ODD patients have other phobia disorders which must be treated disjointedl y (Leo, 2009.).Psychological perspectiveAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a universal neurodevelopment psychiatric problem the greatest part of research in this field has focused on genetics and neuropsychological or the behavioural signs for the disorder. It exists as the most genetic psychiatric disorders, with genetical inheritance being approximately 77%. Despite of the scientific research that various genes can be associated with ADHD their impacts are minimal and hence the cause of this disorder cannot be pegged entirety on gene scheme. Today research is expanding in order to investigate the role of environmental factors and their association with some genes and epigenetic processes in the expansion of the ADHDs symptoms. The analysis of ADHD is founded on the assemblage of symptom arrangement (impulsivity-hyperactivity and lack of attentiveness) and provides room for three subtypes impulsive-hyperactive, lacking concentration and combined-type. These subty pes may have diverse aetiologies and behavioural profiles. Psychiatrists and Psychologists have come up with a variety of theories to pass off details of the behaviour of patients of ADHD. It should be clearly noted that any key psychological theory of ADHD ought to be able to beg off these analytical symptoms. The psychological perspective takes into account four theories to explain the existence and the development of ADHD. Below is the outline of the same.The Delay aversion theory which was introduced in 1990 argues that children who harbor this disorder are capable of waiting but they dont indispensableness to. Its earlier version stated that ADHD children arent impulsive in harm of opting for an instant reward at the expense of the overall reward but it happens when there is a shorter delay. Inattentiveness and hyperactivity are well thought-out to show trials to lessen prejudiced knowledge of delay in situations when it cant be avoided.The kinetic Developmental Theory ( DDT) of ADHD was developed for the past 20 years and which has raised different views amongst various psychologists. This complete theory tries to elucidate the behavioural manifestations of ADHD from a neurotransmitter up to a community level and aims to give details about all symptoms of ADHD. This theory argues that there exist twain major behavioural mechanisms reinforcing a lot of symptoms of ADHD altered backing of original behaviour and poor extermination of insufficient behaviour.The State linguistic rule hypothesis suggests that a non-optimal vigorous situation can clarify performance lack in children with ADHD. It is founded on a study using the cognitive vigorous model of Sanders. In this model, the competence with which a duty is done is considered to be a creation of elementary cognitive stage and their heartiness allotment. The basic stages are spur encoding, memory hunt, binary choice and take training and may be viewed as structural computational in sequence pro cesses. The accessibility of these processes is connected to the stimulation and launching levels of the subject. Stimulation is outlined as a time-locked phasic physiological answer to effort, whereas launching refers to a perdurable intentional preparedness for actionThe Executive dysfunction theory of ADHD argues that the symptoms of ADHD occur entirely due to a decrease in executive power, caused by abnormalities in the arrangement, purpose and biochemical process of the fronto-parietal and fronto-striatal neural networks Neuropsychological tests that are susceptible to the mechanism of the decision-making purpose system have been used to evaluate children with ADHD. The outcomes of these tests have been unswervingly and ultimately linked back to the physiological, anatomical and biochemical dysfunctions in the frontal cortex, the fronto-parietal and fronto-striatal circuits in ADHD.Summary and ConclusionsIt is evident that the three disciplines concerning the issue of ADHD co mmunicate the same thing or they tend to explain the same concept but they use different approaches. According to the discussion above, the biological cause of ADHD is the deformation in the brain structures. It implies that children and adults with ADHD disorder have either small brain size or even deformed brains as compared to the normal adults and children. This approach cannot be ignored since it bases its facts on a practical example i.e. on an experiment that has been done by medical professionals. This can be objected on the basis that the experiment that was done just happened to be a relation and for those who do not believe to believe in scientists, they may assure this perspective not fulfilling like the sociological perspectiveThe sociological perspective rotates about the education factor as a determinant of whether the chid is damage from ADHD disorder. Children who fail to perform well or those who conduct their selves in abnormal manners tend to be judged to have the ADHD disorder and in most cases as I discussed earlier they form about 11% while there are others who perform poorly in class not because they have these disorders but they are poor learners. upper limit investigation must be performed in order to differentiate between a disorder and inability to learn. As earlier discussed, sociologists fails to recognise the biological perspective and pseudo-objectivity of the biological approach as they object the origin theory provided by the neural scientists. They normally attribute the growth and the origin of this disorder with the environment around the child. This environment is the cultural, political and the immediate society of the child. It also depends on the economic status of the family of the child.The psychological perspective on the other hand focuses on the key psychological theories which include the Executive Dysfunction theory, the State Regulation model, the Dynamic Developmental Theory (DDT), and the Delay Aversion the ory. These theories only try to explain this disorder in just but a theoretical way without providing actual practical examples on the industry of the same. Therefore these theories have the same definition but they sound otherwise depending on the field of study (Erkulwater, 2009. ).

PESTEL analysis of Toshiba, Japan

PESTEL analysis of Toshiba, JapanToshiba Corporation is a partnership found in Japan that specializes in the ingatheringion of industrial and consumer electronic and electric car outputs including nonebook computers (laptops), electro medical devices. LCDs, al-Qaida appliances and semiconductors. It is among the oldest and bear-sizedst companies in Japan. Toshiba laptops ar selected as the product to be marketed in Cuba.Cuba is a potential market because of the dynamics involved. It has the saint setting ground for any family that aims at getting afterwardslife high volumes of their products.B) Cubas HistoryChristopher capital of Ohio is credited with the disc e realplacey of the island of Cuba, an event that take to the colonization of Cuba by Spain. Despite this Cuba had been inhabited by indigenous throng for centuries before the disc everywherey. after(prenominal) the Spanish-Ameri mass war is that Cuba gained its independence and sovereignty in 1902 (Ritter, 20 04, pp.47).In the untimely years of the Spanish oc in lightenation, many native Cubans were entirelychered or squeeze into slavery while others died from the sm eitherpox and measles brought from Spain. The eternal sleep f take to the mountains to escape slavery. This led to the introduction of Afri eject slaves to d entirelyy in the sugar commodee plantations. thrall and slave pot atomic number 18 highly credited with taking the Cuban sugar industry to where it is today. The economic prosperity of Cuba began after Britain took over the island from Spain after the seven year war which ended in Britains favor. Trade regulations were eliminated and the run expression to prosperity was created.C) Geographical SettingLocationCuba an island that is located in the Caribbean Sea. The unblemished verdant or island measures an estimated 48,800 squ ar miles. The rude has some(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) highland regions the realisticly notable of which be the Guaniguanco, th e Escambery and the Sierra Maestra. The island is located south-central from the famous Florida Keys (Cuba, 2010). The province has a coastline that extends for an estimated 3,700 kilometers. In relation to other countries, the demesne lies to the eastern office of the Gulf of Mexico and to the western side of the North Atlantic Ocean. The Yucatan Channel lies to the south east of Cuba.ClimateThe Cuban highlands, which atomic number 18 about a tertiary of the sphere, have an overbearing effect on the climate. The fact that the country is an island besides has ramifications on the weather and climate patterns experienced. The climate can be outlined as tropical climate with a dry period from the month of November lasting until April while the rainy season lasts from May to around October. The country as well happens to lie within the path of major hurricanes and other bad storms which argon common in the months of September and October. The average temperatures in Cuba fill in between 23?C and 27C throughout the complete yearTopographyCuba has some(prenominal) archipelagos but Cuba is the main island. The island has a hilly or mountainous topography label by several highlands such as the Sierra Maestra, the Escambery, and the Guaniguanco. The rest of the country is mark by plains the widest of which atomic number 18 in the provinces of Matanzas and Camaguey. The rest of the country is marked by coast lines.D) fond InstitutionsThe Cuban culture is a go bad between African, American and European cultures. The European cultures were imported to Cuba courtesy of Christopher Columbus (Spain) and Britain. The American culture influence Cuba beginning from the period after the Spanish American war that rid Cuba of the Spanish colonists while the African heathenish influences as a result of the many slaves brought in to work in the plantations.1) FamilyThe family is an important affectionate institution in any nation, society, or community. The perceptual constancy of the family as an institution is reflected upon the wider society as the society tends to have remediate social institutions that borrow their moral fabric from the family. Cuba is no exception to these rudimentary rules of nature. close families in Cuba live as all-encompassing families.a) The nuclear familyThe nuclear family had not had a very distinct role in Cuba until the stance Fidel Castro era. The nuclear family is composed of a man, his wife, and their children. This inwardness that in a mob where at that place argon three generations of a family, it is possible to have several nuclear families.b) The extended familyThe extended family is very important p imposture of Cuban society. The family structure in Cuba is that up to three generations of a family live unitedly in the same structure or domicil, a factor that makes it knotty to create a clear dividing line between the nuclear family and the extended familys role in the family setup . The leader or head of the family or the household therefore is the eldest parent figure in the family. This may be the grandfather or the Godmother within the family. He or she wields power over all the other family members and dresss the role of each family member within the family.c) kinetics of the family and parenting roles1) Parental Roles The role of parents is diverse depending on whether the family lives as an extended family or as a nuclear family. In the nuclear family setup, the father is the gelt winner in the family while the mother is resigned to the role of care presenter and is responsible for maintaining discipline within the family. In addition, family customs and traditions are passed prevail over under the watch of the mother. In the extended family, the elder is in tuition of the family. If the elder is a man, he is also the main breadwinner in the family though he is assisted by other family members. If the elder is a woman, she in the first place wa it ons as an overseer in the family and offers her guidance while the men in the family serve as the breadwinners.2) Marriage and Courtship The Cuban society lifelessness takes courtship as primarily the role of the man. Dowry is paid ground on the individual customs of the bride. The weddings are hotshot day glamorous events that showcase a lot of Spanish influence.2) Educationa) Education serves as a way of socializing the individuals into the ways of the society in a way that the family as an institution cannot. The educated people are the ones in positions of power and they are held in high regard within society.1) Primary, utility(prenominal) and university groomingal activity and literacy tellThe Castro governance made elemental knowledge compulsory. In addition, school uniforms are also a requirement for all students and are used to denote the grade level of a student. In the Cuban program line frame primary education takes six years. Secondary education is divid ed into two categories. The first category is the basic secondary education where students learn basic skills such as language, art, arithmetic, and the scientific disciplines. This fol unkepts primary education and is about compulsory for all. The second category is the pre-university education which prepares one for entry into university. After the completion of pre-university education, the students are awarded what is referred to as the Bachillerato in Cuba (C.I.A 2010). It can be compared to a diploma in other education systems in other countries in the world. After the pre-university education, an individual has two options, to pursue either technical education where one allow for gain skills to enable them gain employment or to pursue professional education at the university level.b) Literacy compute.The literacy levels in Cuba are report at 100% although the figure is disputed. The country also reports an enrolment/ attending rate of 98% in primary schools.3) Political systema) The political system in Cuba can be defined as socialist. The organization has executive power which is vested in the Council of State and the Council of Ministers. The legislative role is designate to the National assembly of peoples Power which is recognize by the constitution as having the highest authority in the country. No voting is done in find of the positions of prime minister and president.b) The communist Party of Cuba is the leading social run of the nation (C.I.A 2010). at that place is widespread censorship in Cuba with a system that is highly disdainful. The communist party overwhelms all candidates vying for seats in the legislative assembly.c) The current governing has been in power since 1959 when Fidel Castro ovethrew the dictator presidency. It can be described as stable because his successor, Raul Castro, has managed to keep the country at tranquillity and with improved management.d) Special taxes not commone) Local administration to a gre at extent influenced by the ruling party4) Legal Systema) The main discriminatory organ is the Peoples Supreme Court. All judges according to the law are not subject to any other authority but the law. They can be elected or replaced and are chronicleable for their actions. Cuba has been sub divided into fourteen provinces which are nevertheless subdivided into 170 municipalities. Representatives to the municipalities and provinces are elected to serve terms that extend for two and a half years.b) The country is socialist.c) The authoritarian approach has affected patent and conventions. They are tightly regulated5) Social organizationa) The presence of groups which can lead to the creation of group conduct or culture is not a common occurrence in Cuba.b) The main aim of the government in relation to the existing social order is to create a classless society where income, race, sex or occupation are used as a definitive means of determining rewards or other favorable allocations .c) In addition, the government prohibits the administration of classes or clubs that may create lines along which the society may be stratified.6) Business in CubaTour guides, barmen, and waitresses require to be tipped although there are no prescribed tipping rank. Tipping allows for one to receive exceptional avail from the individuals receiving the tips. Business hours in Cuba are officially between half yesteryear eight and half past noon and half past one to half past four during weekdays. Some businesses however opt to dedicate during weekends where the hours of business are between 8 am and 5 pm for alternate Saturdays.E) Religion and aesthetics1) a) The low number of Protestants can be attributed to the late arrival of protestant doctrines and beliefs to Cuba.b) Cuba is also known to be home to other minor religions which have their roots in western Africa and the slaves who were interpreted from the region to work in the sugarcane plantations in Cuba.c) Cuba is more often than not considered as a catholic nation though the Catholic faith good within Cuba is modified to suit Cuba. on that point are also Jews and evangelistic Christians amongst the world in the state.d) Nearly 60% of the universe is made up of catholic adherents while an estimated 6% are Protestants.e) Santeria which may be referred to as a cult has its origin in Nigeria in western Africa and is astray practiced in and around Cuba.2) Aestheticsa) Cuba has a strong heritage and history which reflects its visual arts potential.b) The country has numerous galleries, cultural centers, and art museums which have been used for the storage of artistic material from the citizens of Cuba. The government is corroborative of art and is known to provide all kinds of assistance to artists in the country.c) harmony dance and folklore in Cuba is very rich and displays the three main backgrounds that determine and draw out to influence the Cuban society.d) There are influences of African , American, and Spanish elements that are derived from the interaction of Spaniards, Americans, and Africans in the history of Cuba.F) Living conditions1) a) Many surveys conducted show that Cubans on average consume too frequently sugar and eat brusk fruits and vegetables. There are rising cases of diet related anemia and obesity which can be regulated or checked by only when a change of diet.b) A typical meal includes bread, ham, cheese, and rice and locoweed of soft drinks with and between meals.c) The government cannot guarantee adequate nutrition for its tribe and this is considered as one of the failures of the Castro administration.d) The foods made available to the public by the government are as follows rice, beans, cooking oil, plantains, brown sugar, milk and soy yogurt which are provided on a monthly basis to holders of ration cards. other(a) products such are chicken, beef, soy/meat blend and frankfurters are provided establish on their availability.2) a) In Cuba, housing is relatively cheap but in the same breath the housing structures are sparse. Most dwelling places are either in poor condition or are spoilt in one way or another that makes them unsuitable for dwelling in.b) Most dwellings occupied on a rental basis. The houses have some form of supply of electricity and water and are therefore a bit habitable.c) In most cases houses are occupied are much than one family.3) The tropical wealthier requires light dressing to cope with the heat and humidity levels.a) A form of dress that can be identified with Cuba is the capital of Cuba shirt otherwise known as a Guayabera. The shirt has an rove of designs but in cosmopolitan has two or four pockets and largely a casual dress that does not require the wearer to tuck into his trousers. There is a traditional dress made for women in place of the Guayabera and it is very popular all over Cuba although it has been rejected on grounds of organism indecent in some cultures.b) The dress code at work is no contrastive from that in many western countries. Employees/workers are evaluate to maintain a formal dress code.4) a) In leisure and delight activities and sports, Cuba is well endowed. To begin with, Cuba is an nonpareil end point for hiking, snorkeling, climbing, fishing, and caving. The sport is used to be equality in society as well as freedom. The country also has rich soccer traditions among the Caribbean countries. Cubas national team has been to the FIFA world cup where they managed to finish in the seventh position. The beach provided by the long coastline of Cuba provides copious grounds for leisure activities such as skiing, diving, swimming, and sun bathing which are common in almost all of Cuba.c) Most sports and recreational activities in Cuba are carried out in open spaces and often require footling or no equipment. Baseball for example is contend even on streets by children and thus very low amounts of income are channeled towards sports unless when organized sport teams are involved and where there are competitions to be won at stake.5) Social hostageThe social security system in Cuba represents the universal values of the wider society whereby there is equality among all beneficiaries. There are no discriminations or preferential treatment for certain individuals based on sex, race, or gender. The Cuban social security system is very efficient. There are an estimated 360, 000 retirees within the population which represents nearly 10% of the population. Each of the retirees in Cuba is paid on a monthly basis. Under the social security system, the government through its social security system pays bene twins to an estimated 1.5 million people on a monthly basis. The social security covers areas such as temporary illness, accidents, maternity, and social care for the elderly people within the population.G) spoken communication1) The main language used for communication is Spanish. The language was brought to the island by the Spaniards during the early occupation after Christopher Columbus discovered the island. Spanish is however recognized as the official state language of the people of Cuba.2) Other languages that are prevalent in Cuba are English and Creole which represent the different heritages and traditions of Cuba.3) It is important to note the Spanish that is spoken in Cuba varies in some cases from that spoken in Spain and other countries. This is largely because of the French and west African influences that have affected the language. English is mainly spoken as a result of tourist influences.II) ECONOMIC ANALYSISA) POPULATION1) The population of Cuba stands at an estimated 11.5 million people as of this year and get out reportedly continue to grow at an estimated rate of 0.2%.a) The birth rate in the population is 11.1/1000 which is relatively low even amongst countries of the western world.b) The prolificacy rate for every woman is estimated as 1.43 children. This represents a dro p in fertility pass judgment which may explain why the issue in population has been very low for the last few years.c) Abortions in Cuba are also responsible for the population decline with an estimated 50 abortions for every 1000 pregnancies in the population.2) a) The population is evenly distributed as only 103 people live in every square kilometer in Cuba.b) The life expectancy is relatively high at an average age of 77 years. The ethnic newspaper of the population is very varied though there are not many ethnicities.c) The population composition is such that the volume is men and boys for all ages but after the age of 65 years, the number of women outstrips that of men. This fact can only be explained by the lower life expectancy rate for men as compared to women.d) Many Cubans have in one way attempted or plan to attempt illicit migration with the most lucky destination being the United States. The rest of the population has a majority that is intent on moving to urban ar eas. The situation is such that the big portion of the population is housed in urban centers all over Cuba.e) Mulattos account for nearly half the population while whites account for 35% of the population. The rest of the inhabitants is generally collected of blacks and Chinese with the Chinese forming the beautifulest ethnic group in Cuba.B) Economic Statistics and activity1) Gross National output/ Gross national Producta) Cuba reported a gross national product per capita that stood at an estimated $111.1 million.b) This translates to a per capita income of roughly $9,700 for the year 2009. The estimated real evolution rate (nominal growth rate less inflation) was an estimated 1.4%. This is very ideal but there is raft of room for improvement especially since the growth rate or the gross domestic product or even the per capita figures do not show the situation on the ground2) People live on less than the expected $9,700 per annum. Businesses in public owned enterprises lie s at 78% to a dismal 22% representing clubby enthronization or privately owned enterprises.3) Average family income is dependent on the ratio of breadwinners to the relative size of the family.2008 estimates were $218.4) Distribution of wealtha) Income classes. Three major classes exist, the highest is elite group and military personnel. The second tier is business magnates and the last is the general workforce.b) Proportion of population to each class. The top tier is about 1/8ths of the total population, the second is and the rest is the general workforce.c) Priority is given to the elite classes and the military. The rest of the workforce is structured in respect to the demographics of income and position5) The country has deposits of cobalt, iron ore, nickel, copper, salt, manganese, silica, timber, petroleum and farming land.6) a) The transport system in Cuba comprises of nearly 4200 km of public railway network and a further 7700 km that is set aside for use by sugar cane p roducers. The path network consists of nearly 61,000 km of tarmac spread all over the country.b) The country also boasts of waterways that extend for 240 kilometers. The country also has several ports that are used for commercial purposes.There are three main ports. There are also 170 airports as reported back in 2006c) Because Cuba is an island, the physical exertion of waterways is a major transport form. Nearly half the population uses the take up network to go to work. Only about a third movement to work.7) Communication Systemsa) Main types include Print newspapers, radio stations and television system stationsb) Internet usage widespreadc) Media heavily restricted by the government8) Working conditionsa) 78% of employees work for the governmentb) Good employee-employer kindredc) Employees entitled to bene suffers and good remuneration9) Principal industriesa) Petroleum, Construction, sugar, tobacco, nickel, pharmaceuticals, agricultural machinery and trade name cementum accounted for about 37% of the total GDP.b) Principle industries include petroleum, Construction, sugar, tobacco, nickel, pharmaceuticals, agricultural machinery and steel cement Most industries are government owned. Estimated ratio of 2110) Foreign investmenta) Direct foreign investment is restrictedb) potency for investment in Housing and food industries11) International trade statisticsa) 1) study exports include sugar, tobacco, nickel, fish, coffee and citrus. At $ 2.4 billion.2) The trend for exports is posititve as the government opens up the Cuban economy to private companiesb) 1) Imports include food products, petroleum, equipment and machinery at $ 6.9 billion2) Imports are increasing due to the growth in population and the involve for products and services.c) 1) Imports are more than exports leaving a high balance of allowances deficit. virtually $4.5 billion.2) Imports are more than exports leaving a high balance of payment deficit. Recent pronouncements by the Cuba n government suggest a upgrade towards closing this gap by increasing resource utilization.d) Exchange rates1) US dollar used mainly in foreign flip2) Exchange rate at $ 1 US dollar akin to $ 0.9 Cuban convertible Pesos3) Due to the global recession, the countrys exchange rates are fluctuating and dipping with the global trend.12) Trade restrictionsa) Embargoes placed by United Statesb) save trade only with Venezuelac) Import duties high depending on type of productd) the government is subject to tariffs affecting countries of the South American organization. These tariffs are on sugar and petroleum.e) Licensing of business restrictedf) Customs duties also high13) extent of the economic activities not included in the cash income activitiesa) Counter trade present in the country1) Medical personnel used as main products of trade2) Barter trade commonb) Very slender aid since US withdrawal14) Labor forcea) Available experient labor force limited since majority of the population is elderlyb) Unemployment rates low at 1.7%15) Inflation rates lowC) Developments in science and technology1) Highly developed2) Computers are wide spread. Low investment in research and development4) Labor force proficiently accomplishedD) Channels of distribution (macro analysis)1) Trade in Cuba heavily controlled by the governmenta) Retail1) Poorly developed retail sector2) No large shopping centers3) Good stored are of poor quality and expensive4) Most tansations are done using cash.5) Goods sold in dollars in small scale with a small percentage sold on large scale.6) Chain stores, Department stores and speciality shops fill the supply gap the government cannot before long satisfy.b) Wholesale middlemen1) Supply chain of estimated 500,000.2) Mark-up of about 5% on products3) Goods sold on cash basisc) Import/export actor the government is the main exporter/importer.d) Most warehouses are fully owned by the government.e) The government has nearly 100% penetration of the mark ets through its expansive administrative networks.E) MediaMedia heavily controlled by the government1) Number of Television Stations 582) a) Television Sets per 1,000 236.1b) Number of piano tuner Stations 225c) Number of Radio Receivers 3,900,000d) Radio Receivers per 1,000 348.7.Number of Individuals with Internet Access 60,0003) The main use of media houses is for the spread of national ideas that the Communist party in charge in Cuba believes are ideal for the entire population.4) Any television or radio stations that go against the ideals support by the party are closed down.5) There are an estimated 26 national newspapers serving the population of Cuba.Cuba Country Note Book demonstrationToshiba Corporation is a group of companies including Fujitsu, Mitsubishi electronic, Hitachi, and NEC Corporation. Toshiba relies more on domestic market constituting 60% of its net sales. The balance is taken care of by exports to North America, 16%, Asia 11%, and Europe, 10%. Since its for mation in 1939, Toshiba has played a significant role in putting Japan in its current position in international trade.Business in Cuba authoritative business hours range from 830 am to 12 30 pm for morning session and 130 pm to 4 30 pm for evening session. Weekends are however optional but those who operate open between 800 am to 500 pm on Saturdays (B8a, B8c).Marketing Strategy for Toshiba laptops (Notebook computers)TARGET MARKETToshiba Computers mostly manufactures high-end high-performance laptops. The main target of the products would have to be the government and institutions. This is because of the entanglement of all business in the country with government policy and regulation. If the fraternity can manage to get a foothold in the government by offering technological set pieces that accord due privacy and resort of information, then the company shall have overcome a huge barrier. The low per capita income suggests that the market would have to upper-middle class and this is mostly government officials and politicians (IIB).Teenagers and youth downstairs 30 would also be ideal as a segment for the laptops. This is because they are Tech-savvy and want more and better machines for work and play. The fast growth in computer and internet irritate can be further fuelled by Toshiba offering attractive high-performance laptops and computers. Institutions such as primary and secondary schools, as well as administrative institutions would make and ideal market for moving volumes in bulk (D2b). These places require many computers and laptops to fit in the current global trend.The current government led by Raul Castro is attempting to break the trade barriers ignited during Fidel Castros regime. The trade embargos by the United States do not affect Toshiba because it is a Japanese company(12A). This is good news for the company because the possibility of cut-throat competition is eliminated because American technology companies such as orchard apple tree can not do business in Cuba (12A, 12D). Government policy would favor the company because it is inclusive and the business atmosphere does not vary so much from the Japanese model.The governments interests in arts and sports also require technology. In addition, the media is still backward in matters of technology (E1, E4). The secondary target markets would include such aspects of society as media and transport as the country moves towards a technological revolution of sorts.Marketing is aimed at awareness creation and forming good affinity with customers to the companys profit. Marketing strategy is therefore very important as any(prenominal) the strategy used can either be profitable or destructive to the company. A marketing strategy that utilizes 4Ps that is Product, advance, harm and place on an individual basis is ideal for products such as computers.Although, no trade partnership currently exists between Japan and Cuba, the country is a potential export destination for note book computers. Cuba is highly literate thus can easily get the picture the use of notebook computers. Students especially those at pre-university, University and other higher education institutions form the best target market for this product. Besides, the working population including teachers and doctors will find laptops essential hence another potential target market.ProductProduct refers to either good or service produced or fabricate by accompany especially under large scale with holy amounts. This involves a description of all the special features of the product in question.Toshiba mini laptop has a full size keyboard and touchpad for easy typing. Its 10.1 diagonal screen is large enough for the eye leave alone its durable coarse-textured four color finish. Its battery has a long life of up to eight hours. It also has attractive features corresponding USB Sleep-and Charge, MP3 player and smart call in hence very convenient for youths. It is also video compatible and its processor ensures more data storage and faster Internet connection (C1).PromotionIn this case Toshiba can place advertisements in Cuban media. This of seam will require first good relationship with Cuban government as it controls all media houses. The company can also take advantage of the widespread internet usage and advertise its product online. Toshiba can also promote its laptops through public relation measures like sponsoring sports where it is guaranteed to catch the attending of most youths (C3). Alternatively, Toshiba can take advantage of the widespread internet access in Cuba to engage in e-commerce by placing its product in virtual internet stores.PricingConsiderations should be given to prices of similar products in the market. Price administration on the other hand refers to involves all activities used to fit basic prices for every target market depending on sales situations. The exchange rates are also attractive for such a company (11b1, 11d2)PlaceThe company c an develop partnership with Cuban government to ensure that its product is placed in Cuban government stores like shopping malls. It is also possible for Toshiba through good relationship with Cuban government to find its own store for its product (D1). Rhiw location demographics will also affect the places where it can be marketed.

Management and Leadership of Different Cultures

Manage manpowert and stackship of Different CulturesIntroductionA nearly recognized definition of attractorship by Warren Bennis is Leadership is the catch for of knowing your ego , having a vision that is well beamd, building corporate trust among colleagues and winning effective proceeding to realize your own leadershiphip potential.Globalization is outlined as the absence of b hunting lodges and barriers to trade, the cryst eachization of the world as a iodin assign, or the overlapping of the interests of stemma and society. Globalization is a appendage whereby world-wide interconnections in virtu tout ensembley re cardinaly sphere of activity argon growing. This rise of these interconnections is the turn out of shifts that wealthy psyche taken come in technological, political, and economic spheres. The demonstrate of worldwideization means flow of pack, flow of technology, flow of capital, growing economic interconnectedness. This process impacts upon re gional tourism and hospitality foodstuff in legion(predicate) soulfulnessal manners.The tourism and hospitality application brings together hosts and leaf nodes from several(predicate) stopping stop consonants with una like characteristics, expectation and set. To mend competitive position in the global trade, the industry needs to assemble the expectations and needs of their guest. thitherfore, it remains an important issue as to how well devised the tourism and hospitality industry is to handle this flow of throngs and fusion of husbandrys. globalization has in like manner impacted on the composition of the domestic tourism market as this now embroil multi-ethnic as well as multi pagan migrant groups. Yet an divergent impact of globalisation has been the multi heathen elaborateforce in the industry itself-importance-importance.Globalisation changed todays hospitality industry. c completely competent to globalisation the postulaters of the hospitality indu stry argon capable to listen slightly sundry(a) husbandrys as they get to mix with wad from discoverive(a) aspect of feel and in that locationfore, develop cognition of them. Due to globalisation the guest base has festering strongly. Tourists travel not for holidays, business, health and contrary varied intentions too. on that pointfore, this has true the market for the hospitality industry, which acquired its gr motion d unmatchable in cut from inter state of matteral tourists. Tourists always spend m angiotensin-converting enzymey when they come in because of that foreign exchange increases. Therefore it is of major value to the p stark(a)nce as globalisation sponsors to bring in money into the country.Moreover, due to globalisation the industry requires to charter advance technology. Since one wants to fascinate as numerous an(prenominal) visitors as possible, hospitality organisation frequently need to advance and emend their services. For example Sing apore flyer, using faster and advance technology in hotels, so that the guest is gratified. Companies atomic number 18 frequently thinking of advance and advanced ideas to fascinate more than than than visitors. Due to globalisation, more tourists come into our country and more passel be required to take to heart and cater to their needs. So, with the advent of globalisation, there atomic number 18 plenty of more jobs available for lot at heart the hospitality industry. Due to globalisation, more mint move around, to facilitate this, the travel industry requires to develop as well. People who come into our country by air, or ship, or land use the transport services bring home the bacond as well. Due to globalisation, there ar different types of foreign services/cuisines. Since there atomic number 18 plenty of different tourists with various cultures, custom, cuisines and languages, the hospitality industry includes recipes and various other services to cater to the m. These services be available to the locals too, which makes even better.Nevertheless, globalisation has negative impacts on the hospitality industry and also, there are round(prenominal) challenges and difficulties for todays leader in hospitality firms. Due to globalisation, the hospitality industry sight hire people from various countries as it is usually cheaper they whitethorn round ages fill difficulties in communicating with the guests. Many guests get quite acid as a consequence of this. As there are from various cultures, one needs to be attentive not hurt them. As example, a Hindu leave behind not eat beef so that serving soulfulness should be aware of food which contains beef . (unless special(prenominal)ally asked). What is acceptable by one culture may be frowned upon by other. For the communication, technology has been increased because of international barriers, (through the internet, voice recordings.) This has not keept the human touch.A leader from t he hospitality industry has a multi ethnic challenge, managing a several(a) workforce and move to keep up with rapidly shifting trends. hea pastish information provides a better approach to this leadership challenge. heathen intelligence (CQ) is the cap talent to function effectively a flub national, ethnic and compositional cultures. Leader has to own knowledge of different cultures. CQ is needed to understand various(a) guests, manage diverse teams, recruit and develop sweep heathen talent, demonstrate respect and suit leadership style without these knowledge hotel enkindlenister faces many problem. If a manager does not understand different culture, how will he understand different guest from different culture, how will he manage his employees from different culture. It muckle be impress financially on the hotel. Hotels nominate have financial losses caused by managers not understanding different cultures. looking at these challenges and difficulties, it shows that, cross ethnical vigilance encounters an important role to grapple in a global marketplace. The mistakes mention above may results into some consequences. As example- where a strong and forceful personality overcomes the need of glob delegation or where an inadequate leader is supported by his order who effectively acts as the leader. Failure to delegate no-hitly to a more knowledgeable heroordinate may mean that the subordinate emerges as an knowledgeable leader and this could have possible adverse consequences for the manager and organization. Serious mistakes can be made while dealing with people from different cultures. For example- shopping center contact in western countries is normally associated with confidence, politeness and attentiveness that in some African countries can be seen as rude and disrespectful. Bulgarians nod when they mean no and shake their liberty chits when they mean yes while the Greek nod upwards or raise their eyebrows for no and shake the head side to side or tilt it to say yes. A lack of ethnic literacy can lead to incorrect assumptions, poor relationships and a visitation to make useful business connections. So to avoid these mistakes a straitlaced instruct should be lend oneselfn to the staff by his manager because in any company you will find many people from different culture and different cities so as every person have their own different culture, everyone have their own body language and nervus facialis expressions which can results into some mistakes so to trustingness all these people from different culture together to work as a team a proper training should be given by the manager.STARBUCKS COFFEE participationStarbucks is a well-known java berry company, started in 1971 in Seattles pike place market, Washington. It was undefendable by Jerry Bolvin, Zev Siegi and Gordon Bowker, they started selling coffee, tea and spices. Now it has largely developed in such a way that it is functioning in 4 0 countries along with 16000 coffee outlets. Howard Schultz joins Starbucks in 1982. Once he went Italy, he visits Milans commonplace espresso bars and he was impressed with their popularity and culture and he sees their potency in Seattle. So after having lattes and mochas Seattle immediately frames crazy for coffee. The thirst for good coffee allows Starbucks to develop their business out of Seattle too, first in the joined States, and then further all countries. After be glide slope the first company to provide stock options to its part-time staff members, Starbucks belong in public traded company. Starbucks opened their first shop in 1997, in UK. Starbucks form various products like hot made to order beverages, readymade brewed coffee packets, tazo tea, bottled beverages, frappucino beverages, smoothies and baked goods like sandwiches, pastries cookies. There are so many organizations which still follow their mission, vision, value or culture like Starbucks use. Starbucks mi ssion line says to build Starbucks as the premier(a) supplier of the best coffee in the world while managing their uncompromising precept as they develop and in other angle to peppiness up and nourish the human spirit-one person, one cup and one vicinity at a time. Starbucks vision is to make sky-high gratified guests by giving good service expenses that creates changes in guests day-to-day life. If the guest is unhappy, moment time he might come with two more duplication guests so that how it works for Starbucks. The anchor value in the feat of Starbucks is to make a company with a soul was that the organization would never give up searching the perfect cup of coffee.Hospitality trouble functions essential be aware of the changing curves as the industry is confronting an ever increase number of foreign employees are being used to fill these gaps which shows in increase the vicissitude in the work place. The company working towards globalization of plenty food and beverage functions essential also be conscious of the variety of various countries in which they operate. Diversity management must buzz off aspect of organization policy in order to be efficacious and it must be embedded within the culture of the organization from sterling(prenominal) management through front line employees. Good diversity management can have many positive effects on execution of business such as good understanding of guest needs, high staff keeping rate and increased sales. Ineffective diversity management can get added problems to the work place such as demoralization of staff, hostility and high employee turnover. To adopt diversity as an essential fixings in the way Starbucks works. Starbucks conceive that to work successfully in the global market place diversity needs to be adopted within every facet of the business which includes,The workplaceTrainingSuppliersCommunities in which they operateThe workplace- Starbucks loyalty to diversity starts with fascinatin g and prop a diverse work team. They try to mirror the guest and communities they serve which creates an environment where all the guest and partners feel prosperous and welcome. To attract a diverse mental representation of witting candidates, Starbucks connect with many local and national alliance based companies. As object lesson in U.S. they make connections with the National Black MBA and the Hispanic MBA and the women in food service firm. Starbucks supervise the demographics of their workforce on quarterly tail to identify whether they reflect the communities in which they work. They also focus on representation within particular positions and judge whether there are tract to higher-level positions. establish on available data, Starbucks US workforce is contained of 53% women and 14% people of colour and in Starbucks executive team vice presidents and above 42% are women and 8% people are of colour.Training diversity intent is made through Starbucks general training and developing module also management training courses. Diversity courses are also provided at Starbucks to overcompensate partners related to business requirements which include diversity meditateing journey and incline free interviewing workshops which train managers and recruiters for the hiring procedure. Starbucks take the hiring and recruiting process very gravely. They are very deliberate while employing people as it costs 2,300-3,000 pounds to recruit and prepare each staff member. By the period of two weeks of commencing employment all the staff member members will have undergone training and learning around the diversity amongst the employees and also amongst the guest base.Suppliers- Starbucks have developed a supplier diversity first look which assures that each selected provider shares the companys core values to meet main requirements which include quality, service, value, stability and sound business practices. A diverse provider must meet genuine criteria. A s instance the company must be 62% owned, operated and managed by women, minorities or socially disadvantaged individuals.Diversity in communities in which Starbucks operate- Starbucks built a combine venture with Johnson Development Corporation which is owned by Earvin Johnson. They produced urban coffee opportunities, LLC delivery Starbucks shops to diverse communities. By 2003, there were 62 UCO places in the United States. Starbucks UCO shops provide communities an inviting and prosperous place for neighbours to gather. While guests are ensured a coherent Starbucks have sex at all the shops they may find the music is spare to local tastes, elusive differences in the food offerings and wall paintings that is unique to the shops. A UCO shop can be an accelerator for producing jobs and encouraging business instruction in the communities where the shops are situated. By the end of 2004 the locations employed 961 Starbucks partners. The Starbucks foundation and community and giv ing programmers provide support to non-profit organization that serves diverse communities. They are also partner with different community organizations to provide employment opportunities to their elements. heathenish collide with happens when people from various cultures come into contact. Sometimes the encounter begins before anyone has a chance to properly introduce you before you even open your mouth. heathen encounter can lead to world class fatigue or even depression. Many of the ad thatments to life in the ethnic fast bridle-path must be made early on preventing a successful overseas experience. If we ask who suffers from cultural encounter the dissolve must be one who spends much time with people from another culture. People eat different foods, celebrate different holidays and dress differently in countries all around the world but these differences affect the ways in which people work together because people organize, manage and work differently from culture to cult ure. The behaviour of people in organizations varies across cultures in many ways. Researchers have observed systematic and culturally based differences in managers values, attitudes and behaviour. Each of us has a set of attitudes and beliefs through which we see management situations the managers value, attitudes and beliefs can affect cycles of behaviour. Some managers do not trust their subordinates and believe that employees will not do a good job unless closely supervised. These managers establish affluent control systems such as time clocks and frequent employee placard to reassure them that employees are working. The employees can be started realizing that management does not trust them so they might start behaving irresponsibly. They arrive on time lonesome(prenominal) when the time clock is in working condition and only work when the manager is around. So it is easy to see how misunderstanding and mistrust can grow between managers from one culture to employees from dif ferent culture. In hospitality business you can find many examples of cultural clash as you deal with guests all over the world and you work with different people from different countries with different culture as well. So I just want give to give an example as per my experience in hospitality. Example- I used to work for a hospitality company, park Starbucks Goa furbish up and spa in India. Once I was in the bar in the afternoon and a Russian guest came to me. Russians precisely speak English. So he came to me and as he didnt know English he was indicating his thumb outside towards tree and said kakushka, kakushka he was speaking in Russian and was trying to make me understand his language but as I didnt know Russian language I couldnt make out what he wants exactly so it took a long time to know me what he wants exactly but finally after 10 minutes I finally came to know that he was asking for coconut water and he was indicating his finger towards coconut trees. Then I gave him coconut water and he was very happy. So here we can see a culture clash between an Indian and Russian culture because the Russian hardly speak English so they couldnt communicate properly. So as a intimateion to this problem I would like to suggest that there must be a co-coordinator person in the hospitality company so that if this kind of communication problems due to different culture occurs he or she can handle it.Few managers are more effectual at leading diverse groups than other managers. The traits and behaviour should equip a person to lead diverse groups. Additionally, cultural sensibility, cultural intelligence and accepted specific global leadership skills are essential for inspiring people from cultures other than the ones own. Although they reinforce each other we can describe cultural sensitiveness and cultural intelligence separately. Global leadership encompasses so many behaviours that they become of their own section. Leaders as well as others who are attemp ting to mildew a person from a foreign country must be alert to possible cultural differences. Thus the leader must be willing to acquire knowledge about local customs and learn to speak the native language at least passably. A cross- cultural leader must be patient, adaptable, pliable and willing to listen and learn. both of these characteristics are part of cultural sensibility an awareness of and a willingness to check out the reasons wherefore people belong to other culture act as they do. A person with cultural sensitivity will recognize the certain differences in customs that will help to build better relationships with people in his or her adopted cultures. Another aspect of cultural sensitivity is being wide of the subtle differences between cultures. Following is the leadership self assessment quiz which gives an opportunity to reflect our own tolerance for cross-cultural issues.LEADERSHIP SELF ASSESSMENT QUIZTolerance for cultural differencesInstructions- manoeuver how comfortable you would feel in the following circumstancesVU- very self-consciousU- UncomfortableN- NeutralC- ComfortableVC- very comfortableVU U N C VCWorking on a team with both men and women 1 2 3 4 5Coaching a team or club when all the members are 1 2 3 4 5Sex than yoursHaving a trans call forthual person as a boss. 1 2 3 4 5Having a person of a different race as a boss. 1 2 3 4 5Having an opposite sex person as a boss. 1 2 3 4 5 answers if a if you are heterosexual or b if you are homosexualHaving a gay or lesbian bossHaving a straight bossHaving dinner with person who eats what you consider to be a pet.1 2 3 4 5Having dinner with someone who eats what you consider to be a repulsive animal or insect.1 2 3 4 5Working alongside a teammate who you know is HIV positive. 1 2 3 4 5Working alongside a teammate who has served prison time for 1 2 3 4 5Vehicular homicide. complete scoreScoring and interpretation40-50 you are highly tolerant and flexible in terms of working with a b road spectrum of people. These attitudes can help you to be an effective multicultural leader.21-39 your tolerance for working with people different from yourself is within the average range. It you learn to become a more tolerant of differences, you are more likely to become an effective multicultural leader.10-20 you may be experiencing difficulties in working with people quite different from yourself. As a consequence your effectiveness as a multicultural leader might be hampered. If you seek out more diverse cross-cultural experiences you are likely to become more tolerant of differences.Cultural sensitivity helps a person to become a multicultural worker that why cultural sensitivity is very important. Such an individual is convinced that all cultures are equally good and enjoys learning about other cultures. multicultural workers and leaders are the people who usually have been exposed to more than one culture in childhood. Being multicultural helps one to be accepted by a per son from another culture. It has been said that a multilingual salesperson can explain the advantages of a product in other languages but it takes a multicultural person to motivate foreigners to buy.Cultural intelligence is a quatern dimensional framework rooted in many years of interrogation on intelligence and cross cultural fundamental interaction. After going through the above practices implemented in order to improve leaders cross culture intelligence I suggest the effective approaches in improving CQ are as follows.CQ driveCQ knowledgeCQ systemCQ actionAll these quartette dimensions are usually note to develop CQ.CQ drive- the motivational dimension of CQ is the leaders level of interest, drive and aptitude to adapt cross culturally. You should have the confidence and drive to work through the challenges and conflicts that inevitably accompany cross cultural work. The ability to be personally engaged and preserve through cross cultural challenges is one of the near nov el and important aspects of cultural intelligence. We cannot simply assume people who are interested and motivated to adjust to cultural differences. Employees often approach diversity training apathetically and do it just because it is required. Personnel headed to international assignments are often more concerned about moving and adjusting their families overseas than they are about developing cultural understanding. Without ample motivation, there is little point in spending time and money on cross cultural training. CQ drive includes three sub dimensionsIntrinsic motivation- the degree to which you derive enjoyment from culturally diverse situationsExtrinsic motivation- the tangible benefits you gain from culturally diverse experiences andSelf efficacy- the confidence that you will be effective in a cross cultural encounter.All three of these motivational dynamics play an important role in hoe leaders approach cross cultural situations.CQ knowledge- the cognitive dimension of the CQ research refers to the leaders knowledge about culture and its role in following how business is done. You should understand the way culture shapes thinking and behaviour. It also includes your overall understanding of how cultures vary from one another. CQ knowledge includes two sub dimensions i.e. cultural systems and cultural norms and values. Cultural systems are the way societies organize themselves to meet the basic needs of their members. For example, every nation has cultural systems for how its members distribute products and services or for how they raise their children. Understanding how a family system works might seem unnecessary but it become critically relevant when you are trying to develop human pick policies for employees who are expected to care for the senior members of their extended family. The other sub dimension of CQ knowledge i.e. cultural norms and values refers to the varying ways cultures approach issues such as time, authority and relationships. The value a culture places on time and relationship becomes highly closely connected when an American is trying to get a signed contract from a potential colligate in china or Saudi Arabia where different norms shape leaders expectations. CQ knowledge is the dimension most often emphasized in many approaches to intercultural competency. For example, a large and growing training and consulting industry focuses on didactics leaders this kind of cultural knowledge. Although valuable however the knowledge coming from CQ knowledge has to be combine with the other three dimensions of CQ or its relevancy to the real demands of leadership is questionable and potentially harmful.CQ scheme- is the metacognitive dimension of the CQ. It is the leaders ability to strategize when crossing cultures. Can we slow down the RPMs long enough to carefully observe what is going on inside the mind of others and ourselves? It is the ability to draw upon our cultural understanding to solve culturally complex problems. CQ strategy helps a leader to use cultural knowledge to plan an appropriate strategy accurately interpret what is going on and check to see if expectations are accurate or need revision. The three sub dimensions of CQ strategy are awareness, planning and checking. Awareness means being informed of what is going on in ourselves and others. Planning is taking time to prepare for a cross cultural encounter in anticipating how to approach the people, topic and situation. Checking is monitoring our interaction to see if our plans and expectations were appropriate. It is also comparing what we expected with our actual experience. CQ strategy emphasizes strategy and is the keystone between understanding cultural issues and actually being able to use our understanding to be more effective.CQ action- the behavioural dimension of CQ is the leaders ability to act appropriately in the range of cross cultural situations. We can effectively accomplish our performance goals in di fferent cultural situations. One of the most important aspects of CQ action is knowing when to adapt to another culture and when not to do so. A person with high CQ learns which actions will and will not enhance effectiveness and acts on that understanding. Thus CQ action involves flexible actions tailored to specific cultural contexts. The sub dimensions of CQ action are verbal actions, nonverbal actions and speech acts. The exact words and phrases we use when we communicate specific types of messages. These are the three kinds of behaviours where there is the greatest need to adapt to cultural norms. Although the demands of today are intercultural settings make it impossible to master all the dos and donts of various cultures. There are certain behaviours that should be change when we interact with different cultures. For example, westerners need to learn the importance of carefully examine business cards presented by those from most Asian contexts. Also some basic verbal and no nverbal behaviour enhance the extent to which we are seen as being effective by others. As an example, the verbal tone(e.g. tawdry versus soft) in which words are spoken can convey different meaning across cultures. Almost every approach to cross cultural work has insisted on the importance of flexibility. With CQ action we now have a way of exploring how to enhance our flexibility.Research, examples and best practices will be offered to move toward gaining the capabilities delineate by these tetrad dimensions. The CQS (cultural intelligence scale) measures competency in each of the four dimensions. Through a series of questions you receive four scores one for each dimension of cultural intelligence. By averaging these four scores together, you can estimate your overall CQ. Two different CQ assessments are available both of which have relevance for improving leadership effectiveness. One is a self report assessment and the other is a peer report assessment. The self assessment pro vides a profile of how you view yourself in the four dimensions of cultural intelligence. The peer assessment asks you to identify three to five peers who can answer a few questions on your behalf. In return you receive a composite of how your peers view you in the four dimensions of cultural intelligence the two kinds of assessment are most valuable when used together so you can compare your self assessment with how others perceive your cultural intelligence. There is variety of ways to apply the four dimensions of cultural intelligence to leadership. They can be used as four areas to assess individuals you are considering for a cross cultural assignment. They can also serve as four categories for diversity training or for a leaders personal development plan and the four dimensions can be used as a four step cycle for developing cultural intelligence in the case by case situations. This four step cycle is the principal(a) application used. CQ is more strongly related to an individ uals overall performance cross culturally than things like academic achievement or an exceptional IQ. In particular CQ drive, CQ strategy and CQ action are found to have a positive relationship on an individuals success in accomplishing a task. purposeIn the above research it shows that the management is confronting number of challenges problems as an increasing number of foreign employees are being used which results in the diversity in the work place. So the Company must be cognizant of the diversity of various countries in which they work. In order to keep up this diversity management must become a part of organization policy because an effectual diversity management can have many positive consequences on performance of business. So in order to batter this Starbucks consider that to work successfully in the global market place diversity requires to be adopted within every angle of the business which includes the work place, training , suppliers and the communities in which they operate. Starbucks loyalty to diversity starts with fascinating and holding a diverse work team. They try to mirror the guest and communities they serve which make an environment where all the guests and partners feel prosperous and welcome. Diversity kernel is constructs through Starbucks general training development modules also management training courses. Starbucks have developed a provider diversity first step which assures that each selected provider shares the companys anchor values to meet main requirements which include quality, service, value, stability and sound business practices. Starbucks has also built a combined venture with Johnson Development Corporation and they have produced urban coffee opportunities, LLC bringing Starbucks shops to diverse communities. Although Starbucks try to control diversity problem at workplace, cultural encounter still happens when people from various cultures come into contact. A person who spends much time with people from different c ulture suffers the most. The behaviour of people in company varies across cultures in many ways. Some managers are good at leading diverse groups than other. The traits and behaviour should fit a person to lead diverse groups. Cultural sensitivity, cultural intelligence and certain specific global leadership skills are essential for motivating people from various cultures. The leadership self assessment quiz can be very helpful in avoiding cross cultural issues in an organization. Cultural sensitivity is also important as it helps a person to become a multicultural worker and cultural intelligence is a four dimensional framework rooted on intelligence and cross cultural interaction. So in order to improve leaders cross culture intelligence, the effective approaches in improving CQ should be CQ drive, CQ knowledge, CQ strategy and CQ action. From the above research it is been clear that CQ drive, CQ knowledge, CQ strategy and CQ action are found to have a positive relationship on an individuals success in accomplishing a task.The CQ is a set of individual capabilities that allows leaders to learn from their experiences. Thus CQ facilitates the transformation of experience into observational training. A mere exposure to cultural diversity and international assignments does not necessarily enhance learning. Instead leaders must residuum the creative tension of all four stages in the experimental process which are concrete experiences, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. I would like to recommend that organizations should shift their focus from providing experience to ensuring that effective experimental learning occurs for leaders. Part of this shift requires the recognition that individuals have different capabilities to learn from their experiences. Those who are culturally intelligent indi

History Of English Language Teaching

memoir Of English Language tenetToday, English is the worlds nigh widely analyse strange speech. Five hundred years ago, Latin was the most preponderant wording to be studied beca subroutine it was the speech of business, commerce and education in the western world. In the sixteenth century, however, French, Italian and English gain in importance as a result of political change in Europe and Latin gradu entirelyy became displaced as a spoken language of speak and written converse (Richards and Rodgers, 2001).Latin became a dead language. It was being started to record in the books as classic language. Children started to enter in the grammar school in sixteenth and eighteenth centuries to learn grammar controls of Latin. To learn Latin language became a affable gymnastic. In the eighteenth century, when red-brick languages began to enter in the course of study of the European countries, these languages were taught by the same manners as Latin language was taught. grammatic orders were memorized. Written intrusts were done. The passages were generated from the arcminute language to the branch language and vice versa (ibid).By the nineteenth century, this manner was considered as a standard order of doctrine language. The textbooks were divided into chapters. each chapter contained a certain come up-formed rule and rule was practices with a lot of written exercises (ibid). manners and Approaches of English Language Teaching accord to Asher and James (1982), Methods be the combination of techniques that ar dropd and plasticized by the instructors in the classrooms in order to teach their students and accessiones argon the philosophies of teachers ab come out of the closet(a) language precept that great deal be applied in the classrooms by utilize different techniques of language program line. For example, if a teacher has an set out that language is the intercourse and cultivation a language is in fact skill the meaning s, functions and uses of language. So the techniques pull up stakes be immemoriald on the communicative language inform and proletariat base rules.According to Freeman (2000), Methods which atomic number 18 taught to the teachers make a base and give them mentation about the applic adequate techniques and principles according to the situation where they stand. They atomic number 18 clear about their attraction towards certain rules and too think that wherefore present they repelled certain mode. The intimacy of method is very necessary because their k straightledge is base of program line.Grammar adaptation MethodGrammar supplanting method was the most best-selling(predicate) and widely used method for language statement between the ages of 1840 to 1940. precisely when this method was first used for teaching and learning Latin language which was not the language of common use at that time. Latin was considered as a classic language. The learners were made able to study the literature of Latin language through learning the grammatic rules of language and learning the wording so that learners whitethorn depict the language in their first language and in the wink language. Grammar interpreting method was criticized intensively in the nineteenth century because it was considered that this method cannot fulfill the demands of language learning in nineteenth century.Direct MethodThe direct method was the outcome of the reaction against the grammar translation method. It was based on the assumption that the learners of inappropriate and second language should straight off think in English. This method is against the translation of written and oral text and focuses on telling the meanings of the words through action, demonstration or existent objects. This method focuses on directly thinking, doing discussion and conversation in second language (Richards and Rodgers, 2001).Purwarno (2006) described the aims of the direct method. He d escribed that direct method is an attempt and effort to form a link between eyeshot and expression and between experience and language.Direct method was criticized due to the by-line reasonsDirect method is successful in private language schools because this method can be applied only in sm every(prenominal) classes where every last(predicate) the learners can necessitate individual attention.In Direct method, the teachers extravagantly leap out in keeping the mformer(a) tongue of the learners a demeanor from them.Direct method demands the learners to do oral converse in the second language and it too demands the pronunciation and accent to be just like the autochthonic speakers so there is need for the language school to hire the inhering speakers which re every last(predicate)y can be very expensive.The success of the direct method depends on the teachers skills and in-personity more than on the methodology (Richards and Rodgers, 1986).Structural ApproachThe morphologi c approach main(prenominal)ly employs the techniques of the direct method that the variation and authorship skills argon not wholly neglected. The structural approach is based on the sound principles of language learning. The structural approach says that the order of battle of the words in such a way as to form a able pattern and that pattern may make the meanings of the language clear to us. either language has its deliver structure and skeleton which gives this language a comely appearance. A structure is a pattern and a particular arrangement of words which to indicate grammatic meanings. It may be a word, a phrase or a sentence (Gauridushi, 2011).Structural approach was criticized because it was only suitable for lower grades. Continuous teaching of structures and their repetition make the aura dull and boring. It as well as neglected the get a lineing and make-up abilities and there was also a lack of skilled teachers (Sharma, 2011).Oral Approach/ Situational Lan guage TeachingThe oral approach is a method in which children to use whatsoever hearing they get from their surroundings. They also take athletic supporter from the context to go out and use language. The posterior is to develop the skills in the individual so that he can excrete and function independently. This approach helps in the development of chooseing and writing skills (Richards and Rodgers, 2001).The oral approach was developed from 1930s to the 1960s by British applied linguistics such as Harold Palmer and A.S. Hornsby. The main remnant between oral approach and the direct method was that the methods which were developed infra this approach had theoretical principles about the selection, grading and presentation of the marrow and material. This sequencing of the content would lead to better learning with a good knowledge of lexicon and grammatical patterns. In this approach each the points of language were to be presented in situations which led to the second n ame of the approach i.e. situational language teaching. Although, the teachers are not aware of this approach today but it had long lasting impingement on language learning. However, its focus on oral practice, grammar and sentence patterns is keep mum supported by the teachers (ibid).Audiolingual MethodAudiolingual method is also known as Army Method because later the outbreak of World War II, the multitude soldiers decided to be proficient in the languages of their enemies. So a new-sprung(prenominal) learning method of orthogonal languages was discovered which is known as audiolingual method. This method is based on a linguistic theory and behavioral psychology. The audiolingual method was widely used in the 1950s and 1960s and the emphasis was not on the representing of the words rather on acquisition of structures and patterns in common everyday dialogues (Richards and Rodgers, 2001).The teaching of the oral skills with accurate pronunciation, grammar and the ability to resolvent quickly and accurately is the main objective of audiolingual method. Reading and writing skills may be taught but they are dependent on the oral skills (Richard and Rodgers, 1986). complete Physical ResponseIn Total Physical Response (TPR), the teacher gives the students instructions and the students follow the instructions by using whole corpse responses. James J. Asher, a professor, of psychology at San Jose State University developed the method Total Physical Response in late 1960s to help in learning second languages (Richards and Rodgers, 2001).According to Asher (1977), TPR is based on the acquaint that the human brain has a biological program for acquiring whatever natural language on earth including the sign language of the deaf. We can see this process if we observe the language learning process of an infant. The communication between parents and the child consists of both verbal and forcible aspects. When the child is not able to speak, at the time he/she i s internalizing the language. This is the time when code gap occurs. After this process the child brings able to speak and reproduce language. In TPR, the teacher repeats the process in the class. Students respond to the commands of the teacher which require physical movement. TPR is most useful for beginners. TPR is also used for teaching students with dyslexia or related to learning disabilities.Silent WaySilent way is the method of language teaching which was proposed by Caleb Gattegno. This method is based on the view that the teachers should be silent in the classroom as much as affirmable but the teacher must encourage the students to speak and use the language. The most important aspect of this method is its elements that are used for language teaching i.e. colored charts and colored rods (Richards and Rodgers, 2001).This method focuses on the learners to discover on their own rather than they remember or memorize roundthing. The learners are facilitated in learning by g iving them some trouble to solve which involves the materials that are demand to be learnt (ibid).communicatory Language TeachingCommunicative language teaching was developed in the era of revolutions in British language teaching traditions from late 1960s. Before communicative language teaching, situational language teaching was in practice in Britain for language teaching. Communicative language teaching was in truth developed in the opposition of audiolingual method which focuses on drilling and memorization. Communicative language teaching focuses on developing the ability of communication in learners in real life situations. It focuses on meaning rather than true statement (Richards and Rodgers, 2001).Natural ApproachIn 1977, Tracey Terrell proposed the natural approach of language teaching. This approach was influenced by Stephen Krashens theory of language acquisition. The natural approach focuses on communication as the major function of language. In this approach, langu age is considered as the fomite or means of conveying a message and information. The natural approach was actually based on the observation and intendedness of the acquisition of the first and the second language in informal settings (Richards and Rodgers, 2001).Task-based Language TeachingTask- based language teaching is an approach that is based on the assumption that tasks are the major social unit of language learning. This approach is based on the problem solving view that the learners should be addicted some tasks to be solved. These tasks are related to the language structures that are required to be learnt. The learners interact and communicate with each other during solving these problems. In these way, they learn the language (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). equation between Grammar supplanting Method and Communicative Language TeachingGrammar exposition MethodGrammar translation method was first known in the get together States as Prussian Method. Grammar translation method dominated European and foreign language teaching from 1840 to 1940.Characteristics of grammar translation method.According to the Richards and Rodgers (2001), the principle characteristics of Grammar version Method areIn Grammar deracination Method, the goal of learning a second or foreign language is mainly to be enabling to read the literature of that language and is to get benefit from intellectual development that results from foreign and second language study. Grammar interpreting Method enables to learn expatiate grammatical rules of drive language and enables to translate into and out of the target language.In Grammar rendition Method, indication and writing skills are focused while magnetic dipening and verbalize skills are whole ignored.In Grammar Translation Method, the memorization of grammatical rules of foreign language and of the vocabulary items is focused. Vocabulary items are limited to the text that they are taught. Vocabulary items are memorized with the help of their meanings in the native language.In Grammar Translation Method, sentenced is the sanctioned unit of teaching and language practice. The learners are enabled to do detailed analysis of a sentence through this method. The learners are enabled to translate a sentence into and out of the target language.In Grammar Translation Method, accuracy is accent rather than fluency. The basic purpose of this method used to be able to pass the written examinations.In Grammar Translation Method, grammar is taught deductively i.e. by presenting and practicing the detailed grammatical rules of target language. A syllabus of grammatical rules if followed in which rules are consistently lay out in to a eon starting from the simple rules to the hard rules.In Grammar Translation Method, students are directed and instructions are addicted in the students native language so that they may easily understand the instructions. The students native language is used to explain new item s and to enable them to analyze two languages i.e. native language of the learners and foreign language.Main techniques associated with grammar translation method. there are some major techniques that are adopted in the teaching of second or foreign language through Grammar Translation Method.Translation of a literary passage. Students translate a indication passage into and out of the target language. In checking of the translation, the focus of the teacher is on vocabulary and grammatical structures. The translation may be written or spoken or both. Students should not translate idioms but must understand their meanings.Reading intuition Questions. A passage for reading and understanding is given to the students and they have to answer the questions given at the end of the passage in the target language. The questions are put into a sequence. The first group of questions is related with the information careworn from the passage, second group of questions require students to ma ke inferences based on their understanding of the passage. The third group of questions requires students to relate the passage with their own experiences.Antonym and synonyms. Students are given a list of words and a passage. The students have to come out the antonyms of those words in the passage. Similarly, the students can also be given a list of words and can be asked to find out the synonyms of the given words from the passage.Deductive application of rules. Grammar rules are presented before the students with the all possible information that can be given to the students relating to the grammatical rules. The rules are also explained with examples. Once students understand a rule, they are asked to apply it for some different examples.Fill in the blanks. The students are given a serial publication of sentences with some missing words. The students have to fill in the blanks with some suitable grammar items such a preposition and verbs with different tensesMemorization. The s tudents are given a list of vocabulary to memorize them with their meaning in the native language. Students are also required to memorize the grammatical rules.Use words in sentences. In order to check the understanding of the meaning and treat of vocabulary, the students are asked to use the list of typical words in their own sentences.Composition. The teacher gives a motif to the students to write about that topic in the target language. The topic is based on some aspect of the reading passage of the lesson (Freeman, 1986).Advantages of grammar translation method.Nazir (2002) narrated as The structure of a foreign language is best learnt when equality and contrasted with that of the mother tongue.According to Ishtiaq (2005), the Grammar Translation Method is based on a system and is in a sequence because in this method all the grammatical rules are arranged into a sequence for the convenience of the students. This sequence starts from the simple rules and crimsontually leads to the complex rules. When a book is written by an author on grammatical rules keeping in view the sequence, he writes one lesson that is completely based on one rule of grammar. Each lesson is divided into certain rules and these rules dominate the lesson.Larson (1986) narrated importance of Grammar Translation Method as in Grammar Translation Method, students are made to learn new words. Therefore, this method helps in improving vocabulary. Reading and writing are the two primary skills that are developed most so as to enable the students to read the literature in target language. Grammar is taught deductively and it makes use of students mother language.Disadvantages of grammar translation method.Neilson (2003) stated that in Grammar Translation Method, oral skills i.e. speaking and earshot skills are altogether neglected while the whole attention is given to just reading and writing skills. Through this method, the students get able to read the literature of the target language by translating it into their native language but cannot communicate into the target language and even cannot understand the target language spoken by any native speaker.In Grammar Translation Method, the authority of the classroom is totally in the hands of the teacher and teacher is at the centre of the classroom. The communication is just from teachers to students not from student to teacher and not even from students to students. The students are considered empty minded which have needed to be filled with all the possible vocabulary and grammatical structures that can be filled in their minds (ibid).The main disadvantage of the Grammar Translation Method is that it is almost impossible to translate all the phrases and sentences into the target language because the main focus is the translation of this method so such students who have been taught through this method become part to communicate well in the target language (ibid).In the Grammar Translation Method, accuracy is empha sized rather than fluency and students go on thinking to accurate the grammatical rules which actually hinder their fluency. In Grammar Translation Method, the teacher abruptly interferes and stops the students wherever they make the mistakes so they become conscious while speaking and communicating in the target language and become ineffective to be fluent (ibid).Criticism of the grammar translation method.There have been various criticisms on the use of Grammar Translation Method for the teaching of modern language particularly English. There are some objections that have been put on the Grammar Translation Method.Grammar Translation Method emphasizes on the reading and writing skills on the expense of listening and speaking skills. unless learning the listening and speaking skills of a language is more important than leaning reading and writing skills because it is a natural way of learning a language. In Grammar Translation Method, writing gives learners a reflective chance to look at their writing that whether they have written correct spellings, vocabulary and grammatical rules. The main aim and goal of most of the learners in learning modern languages is not just to develop reading and writing skills whereas they want to communicate well and understand the native speakers language.Grammar Translation Method demands the arrangement of the grammatical rules in a structure starting from the simple rules and leading to the complex rules. date most of the learners especially adult learners want to start using the language straight way because they have not got time to learn all the grammatical rules one by one and start using them after then. Grammar Translation Method emphasizes to make the students learn each rule and practice it one by one and after commanding a rule move to the next one. So there remains the need to rescript all the rules again and again so that they may not get washed out of the learners mind.In Grammar Translation Method, sentence is the basic unit of the language. The learners are made able to memorize certain rules of grammar and certain vocabulary which they have to fit everywhere they find a chance to use them. But if learners find some unusual situation they become unable to fit their memorized rules to fit in that situation.In Grammar Translation Method, grammatical rules and vocabulary is memorized in modern ways of teaching a language memorization is not regarded while exposure of a language, experience and use of language is preferred and recommended. People have different learning styles. Some lot like to learn vocabulary, grammar rules, phrase and sentences through memorization. But when they have to sue them, they must have time to stop and recall the memorized items.In Grammar Translation Method, the focus of the learners is the manipulation of the grammatical rules and words to write correct sentences with appointive content. But in learning the modern languages, it is recommended that the maj or focus should be more and more on the oral practice and expression of the personal meanings. The expression of the personal meanings may spoil the structure of the grammar rules and sentences.In Grammar Translation Method, the teachers and the learners mostly speak in their first language or native language. While it is highly recommended that use of second and target language should be maximized in learning the language but here maximization does not mean teachers and learners should all the time speak in the target language. The speaking of the second language is also advantageous because in language classrooms we may also have multilingual learners that may belong to different languages so a single language i.e. second or target language pull up stakes be convenient to use without pointing a single native language.In Grammar Translation Method, teacher should explain, describe the grammatical rules, tell the meanings of the words, translate the passages, conduct grammar practi ces, correct mistakes and teacher should authorized the classroom and learners. But now it is highly recommended that teachers role in the class should be as a guide and facilitator. instructors role in the language classroom should be less. Teacher should act behind the scene. Teacher should give the problems to the learners to solve, interact among each other and generally it leads the learners to be independent learners.In Grammar Translation Method, translation is the basic technique. Translation is a way of understanding the meanings of the written and oral texts by converting the texts into the first or native language of the learners. Translation is a way of comparing and contrasting two languages i.e. first language and second language. But now it is highly recommended that translation should be avoided because it leads to such a mental process which hinders or stops learning. The learners should be encouraged to speak and even think in second language as much as possible.I n Grammar Translation Method, accuracy is emphasized rather than fluency but it is now highly recommended that accuracy should come at the last and fluency should preferred first. If the learners are corrected on their mistakes from the very beginning, they will become hesitant to speak in the target language. When they will start to speak, their minds will abruptly become read to look upon the grammatical rules that they are using so I this way they will become unable to be fluent in language (Jonathan, 2012).